Canzoniere Italiano Pasolini Pdf To Word

• German is co-official in; French is co-official in the; is co-official in the and the; is co-official in South Tyrol, in and in other northern areas. • Before 2002, the. The euro is accepted in but its official currency is the. • To call, it is necessary to use the Swiss code.

• The domain is also used, as it is shared with other member states. Italy (;: Italia ( )), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a in Europe. Located in the heart of the, Italy shares with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km 2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely and. Due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the ).

With around 61 million inhabitants it is the. Since, ancient, and established settlements in the, with and inhabiting the and the of Italy respectively and various and dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and. The known as the formed the, which eventually became a that and other nearby civilisations. Ultimately the emerged as the dominant power in the, conquering much of the and becoming the leading cultural, political and religious of. The is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of,, Christianity and the.

During the, Italy suffered amid calamitous, but by the 11th century, numerous rival and, mainly in the northern and central regions of Italy, rose to great prosperity through shipping, commerce and banking, laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism. These mostly independent statelets, acting as Europe's main hubs with Asia and the Near East, often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time, though much of central Italy remained under the control of the, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century, partially as a result of a succession of,,, and conquests of the region. The began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in,, and. Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and such as,, and. Since Middle Age, Italian explorers such as,,, and discovered new routes to the Far East and the, helping to usher in the European. Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope, both of which bypassed the Mediterranean. Furthermore, the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare, culminating in the of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted, with no one emerging as a dominant power.

Jeeves Dicom Viewer Light; - Psicologia Generale Anole Pdf To Word; - Canzoniere Italiano Pasolini Pdf Creator. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean a massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis. Pier paolo pasolini: bourgeois culture, the third. Pier paolo pasolini: bourgeois culture, the third world, and media. Canzoniere italiano.

The weakened Italian sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by such as, and. By the mid-19th century, a rising movement in support of and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the, which sought the formation of a unified nation-state. After various unsuccessful attempts, the, the and the resulted in the eventual of the country, now a after centuries of foreign domination and political division.

From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the new rapidly industrialised, although mainly in the north, and acquired a, while remained largely impoverished and, fuelling a large and influential. Despite being one of the in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading the way to the rise of a dictatorship in 1922. The subsequent participation in World War II on the side ended in military defeat, economic destruction and an. Following the and the rise of the, the country abolished the, reinstated democracy, enjoyed a prolonged and, despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil (e.g.,, the, the and subsequent assassinations of officials), became a major. Today Italy has the third largest nominal GDP in the and the eighth.

As an advanced economy the country also has the sixth worldwide and it is ranked third for its central bank. Italy has a very high level of and it is sixth in the world for. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, and it is both a and a.

Italy is a and member of the and the member of numerous international institutions, including the,, the, the, the, the,, the, the, and. As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 53, the most in the world, and is the fifth. Fresco in the, 5th century BCE Excavations throughout Italy revealed a presence dating back to the period, some 200,000 years ago, appeared about 40,000 years ago.

Archaeological sites from this period include,,, and. The of pre-Roman Italy – such as the, the (from which the emerged),,,,, the, the, and many others – were peoples; the main historic peoples of possible non-Indo-European heritage include the, the and in Sicily and the, which includes the.

Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible non-Indo-European origins include the and, known for their. Between the 17th and the 11th centuries BC established contacts with Italy and in the 8th and 7th centuries BC were established all along the coast of and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as.

Also the established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily. Ancient Rome. The at its greatest extent, 117 AD, a settlement around a ford on the river conventionally in 753 BC, was ruled for a period of 244 years by a system, initially with sovereigns of and origin, later by kings. The tradition handed down seven kings:,,,,, and. In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an. In the wake of 's rise and in the first century B.C., Rome grew over the course of centuries into a massive stretching from to the borders of, and engulfing the whole basin, in which Greek and Roman and many other cultures merged into a unique.

The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor,, began a golden age of peace and prosperity. The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the. At its height under, it covered 5 million square kilometres.

The Roman has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world; among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the derived from Latin, the, the modern Western and, and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion. In a slow since the third century AD, the Empire split in two in 395 AD. The, under the pressure of the, eventually dissolved in 476 AD, when its was deposed by the Germanic chief, while the half of the Empire survived for another thousand years.

Flag of the, displaying the coat of arms of the most prominent (clockwise from left):,, and After the, Italy was seized by the, followed in the 6th century by a brief under Emperor. The invasion of another, the, late in the same century, reduced the Byzantine presence to a rump realm (the ) and started the end of political unity of the peninsula for the next 1,300 years.

The Lombard kingdom was subsequently absorbed into the by in the late 8th century. The Franks also helped the formation of the in central Italy. Until the 13th century, Italian politics was dominated by the relations between the and the Papacy, with most of the Italian city-states siding for the former () or for the latter () from momentary convenience. Built by German Emperor, now a It was during this chaotic era that Italian towns saw the rise of a peculiar institution, the. Given the power vacuum caused by extreme territorial fragmentation and the struggle between the Empire and the, local communities sought autonomous ways to maintain law and order. In 1176 a league of city-states, the, defeated the German emperor at the, thus ensuring effective independence for most of northern and central Italian cities.

In coastal and southern areas, the, the most notable being,, and, heavily involved in the, grew to eventually dominate the Mediterranean and monopolise trade routes to the. In the south, Sicily had become an in the 9th century, thriving until the conquered it in the late 11th century together with most of the Lombard and Byzantine principalities of southern Italy. Through a complex series of events, southern Italy developed as a unified kingdom, first under the, then under the and, from the 15th century, the. In, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states known as, although some parts of the island were under Genoese or Pisan control until the Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century.

The of 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing perhaps one third of the population. However, the recovery from the plague led to a resurgence of cities, trade and economy which allowed the bloom of and, that later spread in Europe. Early Modern. Italian states before the beginning of the in 1494. In the 14th and 15th centuries, northern-central Italy was divided into a number of warring, the rest of the peninsula being occupied by the larger Papal States and the, referred to here as Naples. Though many of these city-states were often formally subordinate to foreign rulers, as in the case of the, which was officially a of the mainly Germanic, the city-states generally managed to maintain de facto independence from the foreign sovereigns that had seized Italian lands following the of the. The strongest among these city-states gradually absorbed the surrounding territories giving birth to the, regional states often led by merchant families which founded local dynasties.

War between the city-states was endemic, and primarily fought by armies of mercenaries known as, bands of soldiers drawn from around Europe, especially Germany and Switzerland, led largely by Italian captains. Decades of fighting eventually saw, and emerged as the dominant players that agreed to the in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries. This peace would hold for the next forty years. The quintessential, in a self-portrait, c. 1512., The, a period of vigorous revival of the arts and culture, originated in Italy thanks to a number of factors, as the great wealth accumulated by merchant cities, the of its dominant families, and the migration of and texts to Italy following the at the hands of the. The peaked in the mid-16th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the.

The became the leading family of and fostered and inspired the birth of the Italian Renaissance, along with other families of Italy, such as the and of, the of, and the of. Greatest artists like,,,,,, and produced inspired works – their paintwork was more realistic-looking than had been created by Medieval artists and their marble statues rivalled and sometimes surpassed those of. Humanist historian also split the history in the antiquity, Middle Ages and modern period. The ideas and ideals of the Renaissance soon spread into,, and much of Europe. In the meantime, the, the new routes to Asia discovered by the Portuguese and the rise of the, all factors which eroded the traditional Italian dominance in trade with the East, caused a long economic decline in the peninsula.

Considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's 'fathers of the fatherland', commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification, and is known as the Hero of the Two Worlds In 1860–1861, general led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily, allowing the Sardinian government led by the to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861. In 1866, allied with during the, waging the which allowed Italy to annex. Finally, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrous of 1870, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap. The Constitutional Law of the Kingdom of Sardinia the of 1848, was extended to the whole Kingdom of Italy in 1861, and provided for basic freedoms of the new State, but electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting.

The government of the new kingdom took place in a framework of parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberal forces. In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted. As quickly industrialised, the South and rural areas of the North remained underdeveloped and overpopulated, forcing millions of people to migrate abroad, while the constantly increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment. Starting from the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing, and later and the under its rule. The in Rome, built in honor of, the first king of a unified Italy Italy, nominally allied with the and the Empire of in the, in 1915 joined the into the war with a of substantial territorial gains, that included western, former, as well as parts of the.

The war was initially inconclusive, as the Italian army get struck in a long in the Alps, making little progress and suffering very heavy losses. Eventually, in October 1918, the Italians launched a massive offensive, culminating in the victory of. The Italian victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the and was chiefly instrumental in the First World War less than two weeks later. During the war, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers and as many civilians died and the kingdom went to the brink of bankruptcy. Under the Peace Treaties of, and, Italy obtained most of the promised territories, but not Dalmatia (except ), allowing nationalists to define the victory as '. Moreover, Italy annexed the Hungarian harbour of, that was not part of territories promised at London but after the end of the war. Fascist regime.

Of The that followed the devastation of the Great War, inspired by the, led to counter-revolution and repression throughout Italy. The liberal establishment, fearing a Soviet-style revolution, started to endorse the small, led. In October 1922 the of the National Fascist Party attempted a (the ') which failed but at the last minute, King refused to proclaim a state of siege and appointed Mussolini prime minister.

Over the next few years, Mussolini banned all political parties and curtailed personal liberties, thus forming a. These actions attracted international attention and eventually inspired similar dictatorships such as and. In 1935, Mussolini, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the; Italy and the and strongly supported in the. In 1939, Italy, a de facto protectorate for decades. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940.

After initially advancing in and, the Italians were defeated in East Africa, the, and. Maximum extent of the (1940–43) After the attack on Yugoslavia by Germany and Italy, suppression of the resistance and attempts to resulted in the and deportation of about 25,000 people to the, such as,,, and elsewhere. After the war, due to the, a long period of censorship, disinterest and denial occurred about the Italian war crimes and the Yugoslav's.

Meanwhile, about 250,000 Italians and anti-communist Slavs fled to Italy in the. An began in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on.

On 8 September, Italy. The Germans helped by the Italian fascists shortly succeeded in taking control of northern and central Italy. The country remained a for the rest of the war, as the Allies were slowly moving up from the south. In the north, the Germans set up the (RSI), a Nazi with Mussolini installed as leader. The post-armistice period saw the rise of a large, the. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, but was captured and near by Italian partisans.

His body was then taken to, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered. In the conflict, and the Italian economy had been all but destroyed; per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century. Republican Italy. Republican and one of the Italy became a republic after a held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as. This was also the first time that Italian women were entitled to vote.

's son,, was forced to abdicate and exiled. The was approved on 1 January 1948. Under the of 1947, most of was lost to and, later, the was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all its colonial possessions, formally ending the. Fears in the Italian electorate of a possible Communist takeover proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on, when the, under the leadership of, obtained a landslide victory. Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of. The helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the '.

In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the (EEC), which became the (EU) in 1993. The signing ceremony of the at the on the Capitoline Hill. Italy is a founding member of all EU institutions. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the, a period characterised by economic crisis (especially after the ), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of US and Soviet intelligence. The Years of Lead culminated in the assassination of the Christian Democrat leader in 1978 and the in 1980, where 85 people died.

In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by non-Christian-Democrat premiers: one republican () and one socialist (); the Christian Democrats remained, however, the main government party. During Craxi's government, the economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth largest industrial nation, gaining entry into the Group.

However, as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the GDP. In the early 1990s, Italy faced significant challenges, as voters – disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and the extensive corruption system (known as ) uncovered by the ' investigation – demanded radical reforms. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. The Communists reorganised as a force. During the 1990s and the 2000s (decade), centre-right (dominated by media magnate ) and centre-left coalitions (led by university professor ) alternatively governed the country. In the late 2000s, Italy was severely hit by the. From 2008 to 2013, the country suffered 42 months of GDP recession.

The economic crisis was one of the main problems that forced Berlusconi to in 2011. The government of the conservative Prime Minister was replaced by the technocratic cabinet of. Following the, the Vice-Secretary of the formed a at the head of a right-left. In 2014, challenged by the new of the PD, Letta resigned and was replaced by Renzi.

The new government started important constitutional reforms such as the abolition of the and a new electoral law. On 4 December the constitutional reform was rejected in a and Renzi resigned after few days on 12 December; the Foreign Affairs Minister was appointed new Prime Minister. Italy was affected by the in 2015 as it became the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. The country took in over half a million refugees, which caused great strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far-right and euroskeptic political parties. Topographic map of Italy Italy is located in, between latitudes and, and longitudes and.

To the north, Italy borders,, and, and is roughly delimited by the, enclosing the and the. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the and the two of and, in addition to many smaller islands. The sovereign states of and the are within Italy, while is an Italian in Switzerland.

The country's total area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km 2 (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km 2 (2,784 sq mi) is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7,600 kilometres (4,722 miles) on the,, seas (740 km (460 mi)), and borders shared with France (488 km (303 mi)), Austria (430 km (267 mi)), Slovenia (232 km (144 mi)) and Switzerland (740 km (460 mi)).

San Marino (39 km (24 mi)) and Vatican City (3.2 km (2.0 mi)), both enclaves, account for the remainder. The form the peninsula's backbone and the form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on (4,810 m or 15,780 ft).

The, Italy's longest river (652 kilometres or 405 miles), flows from the Alps on the western border with France and crosses the on its way to the. The five largest lakes are, in order of diminishing size: (367.94 km 2 or 142 sq mi), (212.51 km 2 or 82 sq mi, shared with Switzerland), (145.9 km 2 or 56 sq mi), (124.29 km 2 or 48 sq mi) and (113.55 km 2 or 44 sq mi). Although the country includes the Italian peninsula, adjacent islands and most of the southern Alpine basin, some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin and some islands are located outside the continental shelf.

These territories are the comuni of:,,, (in part),,, (in part), which are all part of the, while the constitutes part of the 's basin and the islands of and are on the African. The is an active stratovolcano in Sicily The country is situated at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, leading to considerable and. There are, four of which are active: (the traditional site of 's smithy),, and. The latter one is the only active volcano in mainland Europe and is most famous for the destruction of and in the. Several islands and hills have been created by volcanic activity, and there is still a large active, the north-west of Naples. The high volcanic and magmatic neogenic activity is subdivided into provinces: • Magmatic Tuscan (, and ); • Magmatic Latium (,,, ); • Ultra-alkaline Umbrian Latium District (, Cupaello and ). As seen from the • Vulcanic bell (Vesuvius,, ); • Windy arch and Tyrrhenian basin ( and Tyrrhenian ); • African-Adriatic Avampa (,, Etna and ).

Until the 1950s, Italy was the first and only country to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity in the area, and later in the area. The high geothermal gradient that forms part of the peninsula makes potentially exploitable also other provinces: research carried out in the 1960s and 1970s identifies potential geothermal fields in Lazio and Tuscany, as well as in most volcanic islands. National (green) and regional (orange) parks in Italy After its quick industrial growth, Italy took a long time to confront its environmental problems. After several improvements, it now ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability. Cover about 5% of the country. In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's leading producers of, ranking as the world's fourth largest holder of installed capacity and the sixth largest holder of capacity in 2010. Renewable energies now make up about 12% of the total primary and final energy consumption in Italy, with a future target share set at 17% for the year 2020.

Is the oldest Italian national park However, air pollution remains a severe problem, especially in the industrialised north, reaching the tenth highest level worldwide of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the 1990s. Italy is the twelfth largest producer. Extensive traffic and congestion in the largest metropolitan areas continue to cause severe environmental and health issues, even if smog levels have decreased dramatically since the 1970s and 1980s, and the presence of smog is becoming an increasingly rarer phenomenon and levels of are decreasing.

Many watercourses and coastal stretches have also been contaminated by industrial and agricultural activity, while because of rising water levels, has been regularly flooded throughout recent years. Waste from industrial activity is not always disposed of by legal means and has led to permanent health effects on inhabitants of affected areas, as in the case of the. The country has also operated several nuclear reactors between 1963 and 1990 but, after the and a the nuclear programme was terminated, a decision that was overturned by the government in 2008, planning to build up to four nuclear power plants with French technology. This was in turn struck down by a referendum following the. Deforestation, illegal building developments and poor land-management policies have led to significant erosion all over Italy's mountainous regions, leading to major ecological disasters like the 1963 flood, the 1998 and 2009. The, which inhabits the Apennine Mountains and the Western Alps, features prominently in Latin and Italian cultures, such as in the legend of the.

Italy has the highest level of in Europe, with over 57,000 species recorded, representing more than a third of all European fauna. The Italian peninsula is in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, forming a corridor between central Europe and North Africa, and has 8,000 km of coastline. Italy also receives species from the,, the. Italy's varied geological structure, including the and the, Central Italian woodlands, and Southern Italian and, also contribute to high climate and habitat diversity. Italian fauna includes 4777 animal species, such as the,,,,,,,,,,,,, and.

There are 102, such as the, (the smallest mammal in the world), and; notable large mammals are the,,,,, and. Italy has also recorded 516 and 56213 invertebrates species. The was traditionally estimated to comprise about 5,500 species. However, as of 2005, 6,759 species are recorded in the Data bank of Italian vascular flora. Geobotanically, the Italian flora is shared between the and. Italy is a signatory to the and the both affording protection to the Italian fauna and flora.

Has a Mediterranean climate Thanks to the great longitudinal extension of the peninsula and the mostly mountainous internal conformation, the climate of Italy is highly diverse. In most of the inland northern and central regions, the climate ranges from to and. In particular, the climate of the geographical region is mostly continental, with harsh winters and hot summers. The coastal areas of, and most of the generally fit the stereotype ( Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the interior's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy.

The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer. Average winter temperatures vary from 0 (32 ) on the Alps to 12 °C (54 °F) in Sicily, like so the average summer temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) to over 25 °C (77 °F).

Main article: Italy has been a since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a. The ( Presidente della Repubblica), currently since 2015, is Italy's. The President is elected for a single seven years mandate by the in. Italy has a written democratic, resulting from the work of a formed by the representatives of all the forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the.

Government since 2016 since 2015 Italy has a parliamentary government based on a voting system. The parliament is perfectly: the two houses, the (that meets in ) and the (that meets in ), have the same powers. The Prime Minister, officially ( Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is Italy's. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must pass a vote of confidence in Parliament to come into office. The incumbent Prime Minister is of the.

The prime minister is the President of the —which holds effective executive power— and he must receive a vote of approval from it to execute most political activities. The office is similar to those in most other, but the leader of the Italian government is not authorised to request the dissolution of the.

Another difference with similar offices is that the overall political responsibility for intelligence is vested in the President of the Council of Ministers. By virtue of that, the Prime Minister has exclusive power to: coordinate intelligence policies, determining the financial resources and strengthening national cyber security; apply and protect State secrets; authorise agents to carry out operations, in Italy or abroad, in violation of the law. The is the lower house of Italy. A peculiarity of the is the representation given to permanently living abroad: 12 Deputies and 6 Senators elected in four distinct. In addition, the Italian Senate is characterised also by a small number of, appointed by the President 'for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field'. Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio life senators.

Echo And The Bunnymen Porcupine Raritan. Italy's three major political parties are the, and the. During the 2013 general election these three parties won 579 out of 630 seats available in the Chamber of Deputies and 294 out of 315 in the Senate.

Most of the remaining seats were won by a short-lived formed to support the outgoing Prime Minister, the far left party or by parties that contest elections only in one part of Italy: the, the, and. On 15 November 2013, 58 splinter MPs from Forza Italia founded. Law and criminal justice.

The The Italian judicial system is based on modified by the and later statutes. The is the highest court in Italy for both criminal and civil appeal cases. The ( Corte Costituzionale) rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution and is a post–World War II innovation. Since their appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and criminal organisations have infiltrated the social and economic life of many regions in, the most notorious of which being the, which would later expand into some foreign countries including the United States. Mafia receipts may reach 9% of Italy's GDP. A 2009 report identified 610 which have a strong Mafia presence, where 13 million Italians live and 14.6% of the Italian GDP is produced. The, nowadays probably the most powerful crime syndicate of Italy, accounts alone for 3% of the country's GDP.

However, at 0.013 per 1,000 people, Italy has only the 47th highest murder rate (in a group of 62 countries) and the 43rd highest number of rapes per 1,000 people in the world (in a group of 65 countries), relatively low figures among developed countries. Law enforcement. A vehicle of the corps Law enforcement in Italy is provided by multiple police forces, five of which are national, Italian agencies.

The (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrada (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges and waterways.

The is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a -like military corps with police duties. They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces. The, (English: Financial Guard) is a corps under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance, with a role as police force.

The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety. The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police) operate the Italian prison system and handle the transportation of inmates.

Foreign relations. Prime Minister with Italy is a founding member of the, now the (EU), and of. Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as the (OECD), the / (GATT/WTO), the (OSCE), the, and the. Its recent or upcoming turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the in 2018, the in 2017 and the from July to December 2014.

Italy is also a recurrent of the, the most recently in 2017. Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its activities. As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world. Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in,, and and provides support for NATO and UN operations in, and. Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in in support of (OEF) from February 2003. Italy supported international efforts to reconstruct and stabilise, but it had withdrawn its of some 3,200 troops by 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel. In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' mission.

Italy is one of the largest financiers of the, contributing €60 million in 2013 alone. A operated by the The,, and collectively form the, under the command of the Supreme Defence Council, presided over by the. Since 2005, military service is voluntary. In 2010, the Italian military had 293,202 personnel on active duty, of which 114,778 are Carabinieri. Total Italian military spending in 2010 ranked in the world, standing at $35.8 billion, equal to 1.7% of national GDP.

As part of Italy also hosts 90 United States, located in the and air bases. The Italian Army is the national ground defence force, numbering 109,703 in 2008. Its best-known combat vehicles are the, the and the, and among its aircraft the, in the last years deployed in EU, NATO and UN missions. It also has at its disposal a large number of and armoured vehicles. The in 2008 had 35,200 active personnel with 85 commissioned ships and 123 aircraft. In modern times the Italian Navy, being a member of the EU and NATO, has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations around the world. The in 2008 had a strength of 43,882 and operated 585 aircraft, including 219 combat jets and 114 helicopters.

A transport capability is guaranteed by a fleet of 27 and. An autonomous corps of the military, the Carabinieri are the and of Italy, policing the military and civilian population alongside. While the different branches of the Carabinieri report to separate ministries for each of their individual functions, the corps reports to the Ministry of Internal Affairs when maintaining public order and security. Administrative divisions.

Is a global financial centre and a of the world. Italy has a major advanced, ranking as the third-largest in the and the in the world. A founding member of the, the and the, it is regarded as one of the world's most industrialised nations and a leading country in. It is a highly, with the world's 8th highest in 2005 and the 26th. The country is well known for its creative and innovative business, a large and competitive agricultural sector (Italy is the world's largest wine producer), and for its influential and high-quality automobile, machinery, food, design and fashion industry. Italy maintains a large, and is the world's seventh exporter of goods.

Italy is the world's sixth largest country, characterised by a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size and a large number of dynamic, notoriously clustered in several, which are the backbone of the. This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher quality products.

Italy was the world's 7th largest exporter in 2016. Its closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. Its largest EU trade partners, in order of market share, are Germany (12.9%), France (11.4%), and Spain (7.4%).

Italy is part of a monetary union, the (dark blue) and of the. The is a significant part of the Italian manufacturing sector, with over 144,000 firms and almost 485,000 employed people in 2015, and a contribution of 8.5% to Italian. (abbreviated in FCA) is currently the world's. The country boasts a wide range of acclaimed products, from very compact city cars to luxury supercars such as,, and, which was rated the world's most powerful brand.

Italian cars have also won 12 times at the, with 9 awards won by (the most of any manufacturer), 2 by, and one. Italy is part of the European single market which represents more than 500 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Italy introduced the common European currency, the in 2002. It is a member of the Eurozone which represents around 330 million citizens. Its monetary policy is set by the. Italy has been hit hard by the, that exacerbated the country's structural problems.

Effectively, after a strong GDP growth of 5–6% per year from the 1950s to the early 1970s, and a progressive slowdown in the 1980-90s, the country virtually stagnated in the 2000s. The political efforts to revive growth with massive government spending eventually produced a severe rise in, that stood at over 135% of GDP in 2014, ranking second in the EU only after the Greek one (at 174%). For all that, the largest chunk of is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece, and the level of is much lower than the OECD average. A gaping is a major factor of socio-economic weakness. It can be noted by the huge difference in statistical income between the northern and southern regions and municipalities. The richest department,Alto Adige-, earns 152% of the national GDP per capita, while the poorest region, Calabria, 61%. The unemployment rate (11.1%) stands slightly above the Eurozone average, but the disaggregated figure is 6.6% in the North and 19.2% in the South.

Vineyards in the region, Tuscany. The Italian food industry is well known for the high quality and variety of its products. According to the last national agricultural census, there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 (−32.4% since 2000) covering 12.7 million hectares (63% of which are located in ). The vast majority (99%) are family-operated and small, averaging only 8 hectares in size. Of the total surface area in agricultural use (forestry excluded), fields take up 31%, orchards 8.2%, 5.4%, orchards 3.8%, 1.7%, and 2.4%. The remainder is primarily dedicated to pastures (25.9%) and feed grains (11.6%). Italy is the, and one of the leading in, fruits (,,,,,,,,,,, and ), and vegetables (especially and ).

The most famous are probably the and the. Other famous wines are,,,,,, and the and. Quality goods in which Italy specialises, particularly the already mentioned wines and, are often protected under the quality assurance labels. This, which is attributed by the, is considered important in order to avoid confusion with low-quality mass-produced. ' high speed train, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h (249 mph), is the fastest train in Italy and Europe In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises. Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were 668,721 km (415,524 mi) of serviceable roads in Italy, including 6,487 km (4,031 mi) of motorways, state-owned but privately operated.

In 2005, about 34,667,000 (590 cars per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the national road network. The, state-owned and operated by, in 2008 totalled 16,529 km (10,271 mi) of which 11,727 km (7,287 mi) is electrified, and on which 4,802 locomotives and railcars run.

The national inland network comprised 1,477 km (918 mi) of navigable rivers and channels in 2002. In 2004 there were approximately 30 main airports (including the two of in Milan and in Rome) and 43 major seaports (including the seaport of, the country's largest and second largest in the ). In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships. Italy needs to import about 80% of its energy requirements. Main article: Italy does not invest enough to maintain its drinking water supply and sanitation infrastructure, while water and sanitation tariffs are among the lowest in the European Union. The Galli Law, passed in 1993, aimed at raising the level of investment and to improve service quality by consolidating service providers, making them more efficient and increasing the level of cost recovery through tariff revenues. Despite these reforms, investment levels have declined and remain far from sufficient.

Science and technology. Clockwise from left:, inventor of the and discoverer of;, recognized as the Father of modern science, physics and observational astronomy;, inventor of the long-distance radio transmission;, creator of the first, the Through the centuries, Italy has fostered the scientific community that produced many major discoveries in physics and the other sciences. During the Italian polymaths such as (1452–1519), (1475–1564) and (1404–72) made important contributions to a variety of fields, including biology, architecture, and engineering. (1564–1642), a physicist, mathematician and astronomer, played a major role in the. His achievements include key improvements to the and consequent astronomical observations, and ultimately the triumph of over the. Other astronomers suchs as (1625–1712) and (1835–1910) made many important discoveries about the.

In mathematics, (born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, 1736–1813) was active before leaving Italy. 1250), and (1501–76) made fundamental advances in mathematics. Established to the world. Physicist (1901–54), a Nobel prize laureate, led the team in Chicago that developed the and is also noted for his many other contributions to physics, including the co-development of the and was one of the key figures in the creation of the.

He, ((1905–89) who discovered the elements and, and the ), ((1905–93) a pioneer in Cosmic Rays and X-ray astronomy) and a number of Italian physicists were forced to leave Italy in the 1930s. Other prominent physicists include: (most noted for his contributions to, in particular the and the ), (inventor of ), (inventor of ), (inventor of ), (who discovered the ), (1984 Nobel Prize in Physics for work leading to the discovery of the at ). Is known for developing a voice-communication device which is often credited as the first. In biology, has been the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies and he described 180 parasites in details and founded, conducted important research in bodily functions, animal reproduction, and cellular theory,, whose many achievements include the discovery of the, paved the way to the acceptance of the, discovered the (awarded 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). In chemistry, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 for his work on high.

Received the for the discovery of the or pi- decay in 1947., a recipient in 1990, solved about and the on the regularity of solutions of. The is one of the major tourist destinations Italy is the fifth most visited country in the world, with a total of 50.7 million international arrivals in 2015. The total contribution of travel & tourism to GDP (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts) was EUR162.7bn in 2014 (10.1% of GDP) and generated 1,082,000 jobs directly in 2014 (4.8% of total employment). Italy is well known for its cultural and environmental tourist routes and is home to 53, the most in the world. Is the 6th most visited city in Europe and the 14th in the world, with an average of 7.65 million international arrivals in 2016 while is the 8th and 16th resptectively, with 7.12 million toruists. In addition, and are also among the world's top 100 destinations. Italy's most-visited landmarks include e.g.

And,,,,,,,, the, the,,,, the,, the,,,, and. Map of population density in Italy as of the 2011 census. At the end of 2013, Italy had 60,782,668 inhabitants.

The resulting population density, at 202 inhabitants per square kilometre (520/sq mi), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost a half of the national population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Apennines highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated. The population of Italy almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven because of large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the of the 1950–1960s. High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they start to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population ageing.

At the end of the 2000s (decade), one in five Italians was over 65 years old. However, in recent years Italy experienced a significant growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008. The is expected to reach 1.6–1.8 in 2030.

From the late 19th century until the 1960s Italy was a country of mass. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year. The diaspora concerned more than 25 million Italians and it is considered the biggest mass migration of contemporary times. As a result, today more than 4.1 million Italian citizens are living abroad, while at least 60 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela, the United States, Canada, Australia and France. Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa In 2016, Italy had about 5.05 million foreign residents, making up 8.3% of the total population. The figures include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals—second generation immigrants, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship; In 2016, about 201,000 people acquired Italian citizenship (130,000 in 2014).

The official figures also exclude, that were estimated in 2008 to number at least 670,000. Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy begun to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants. After the and, more recently, the and enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of (especially,, and ). An equally important source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular,, Egypt and ), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the.

Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably and the ) and Latin America have been recorded. Currently, about one million citizens (around 10% of them being from the ethnic group ) are officially registered as living in Italy, representing thus the most important individual country of origin, followed by and with about 500,000 people each. The number of unregistered Romanians is difficult to estimate, but the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network suggested in 2007 that there might have been half a million or more. Overall, at the end of the 2000s (decade) the foreign born population of Italy was from: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 87% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 13% live in the southern half of the peninsula. Italophone minorities According to the Article 12 of the Italian Constitution, Italy's official language is.

It is estimated that there are about 64 million native Italian speakers while the total number of Italian speakers, including those who use it as a second language, is about 85 million. Italy has numerous regional dialects; however, the establishment of a national education system has led to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken across the country during the 20th century. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s thanks to economic growth and the rise of and television (the state broadcaster helped set a standard Italian). All the minority language groups officially recognised by Italy Twelve historical are legally recognised:,,,,,,,,,, and (Law number 482 of 15 December 1999). French is co-official in the —although in fact is more commonly spoken there. German has the same status in as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring, does. Is officially recognised in the provinces of, and.

Because of significant recent immigration, Italy has sizeable populations whose native language is not Italian. According to the, is the most common mother tongue among foreign residents in Italy: almost 800,000 people speak Romanian as their first language (21.9% of the foreign residents aged 6 and over). Other prevalent mother tongues are (spoken by over 475,000 people; 13.1% of foreign residents), (380,000 people) and (255,000 people). Other languages spoken in Italy are,, and amongst others. Italy is home to many of the world's largest churches and masterpieces of architecture. Clockwise from left:, which has the biggest brick dome in the world;, the largest church of;, the largest Italian church and the third largest in the world; and, one of the best known examples of Italo- is, by far, the largest religion in the country, although since 1985 no longer officially the.

In 2010, the proportion of Italians that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 81.2%. The, the, contains the central government of the entire, including various essential to administration. Diplomatically, it is recognised by other subjects of international law as a entity, headed by the, who is also the, with which can be maintained.

Often incorrectly referred to as 'the Vatican', the Holy See is not the same entity as the State, which came into existence only in 1929; the Holy See dates back to early Christian times. Ambassadors are officially accredited not to the Vatican City State but to 'the Holy See', and papal representatives to states and international organisations are recognised as representing the Holy See, not the Vatican City State.

Minority Christian faiths in Italy include, and other communities. In 2011, there were an estimated 1.5 million Orthodox Christians in Italy, or 2.5% of the population; 0.5 million and (of whom 0.4 million are members of the ), 235,685, 30,000 Waldensians, 25,000, 22,000, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000, 4,000 (). One of the longest-established minority religious faiths in Italy is, Jews having been present in since before the birth of Christ. Italy has for centuries welcomed Jews expelled from other countries, notably Spain. However, as a result of the, about 20% of Italian Jews lost their lives.

This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed World War II, has left only a small community of around 28,400 Jews in Italy. Soaring immigration in the last two decades has been accompanied by an increase in non-Christian faiths. In 2010, there were 1.6 million Muslims in Italy, forming 2.6% of population. In addition, there are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent with some 70,000 with 22 across the country, 70,000, and 50,000.

There were an estimated 4,900 in Italy in 2005. The Italian state, as a measure to protect religious freedom, devolves shares of income tax to recognised religious communities, under a regime known as ( Otto per mille). Donations are allowed to Christian, Jewish, Buddhist and Hindu communities; however, Islam remains excluded, since no Muslim communities have yet signed a concordat with the Italian state. Taxpayers who do not wish to fund a religion contribute their share to the state welfare system.

And vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet. The Italian state runs a universal public healthcare system since 1978. However, healthcare is provided to all citizens and residents by a mixed public-private system.

The public part is the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, which is organised under the Ministry of Health and administered on a devolved regional basis. Healthcare spending in Italy accounted for 9.2% of the national GDP in 2012, very close the countries' average of 9.3%. Italy in 2000 ranked as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's. Life expectancy in Italy is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country. In comparison to other Western countries, Italy has a relatively low rate of adult obesity (below 10% ), probably thanks to the health benefits of the. The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24.4% in 2000 but still slightly above the OECD average.

Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated rooms since 2005. In 2013, added the to the of Italy (promoter),,,,, and. The buildings of For centuries divided by politics and geography until its eventual unification in 1861, Italy has developed a unique culture, shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and.

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a number of magnificent competed for attracting the best architects, artistis and scholars, thus producing an immense legacy of monuments, paintings, music and literature. Italy has more () than any other country in the world, and has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many different periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the. Furthermore, the nation has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains). Main article: Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861. This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs.

Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements, such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during, the founding of the in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the, the and, the and the building designs of are found in Italy.

(1494–1499),, Church of, Milan The history of Italian visual art is part of history. Was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in, in Southern Italy.

Such painting can be grouped into 4 main 'styles' or periods and may contain the first examples of, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape. Panel painting becomes more common during the period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, and became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with and then his pupil. From Giotto on, the treatment of composition by the best painters also became much more free and innovative. They are considered to be the two great medieval masters of painting in western culture.

(1501–1504),, Florence The is said by many to be the of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy. In Italy artists like,,,,,,,,,,,,, and took painting to a higher level through the use of, the study of and proportion, and through their development of an unprecedented refinement in drawing and painting techniques. Michelangelo was an active sculptor from about 1500 to 1520, and his great masterpieces including his,,. Other prominent Renaissance sculptors include,,, and. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the gave rise to a stylised art known as.

In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of and the emotional intensity of. In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of are,,,, and.

Subsequently, in the 18th century, was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as and. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with 's nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement. In the 19th century, major Italian painters were, and.

Was brought from France to Italy by the, led by, and; by and. In the 20th century, with, primarily through the works of and, Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of, who exerted a strong influence on the and generations of artists to follow. Literature and theatre. Founder of the modern political science and ethics Italian Renaissance authors produced a number of important works. 's is one of the world's most famous essays on political science and modern philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal.

Another important work of the period, 's, continuation of 's unfinished romance, is perhaps the greatest chivalry poem ever written. 's dialogue describes the ideal of the perfect court gentleman and of spiritual beauty.

The lyric poet in wrote a Christian epic, making use of the, with attention to the Aristotelian canons of unity. And, which have written (1550–1555) and the (1634) respectively, printed some of the first known versions of fairy tales in Europe. In the early 17th century, some literary masterpieces were created, such as 's long mythological poem,. The Baroque period also produced the clear scientific prose of as well as 's, a description of a perfect society ruled by a philosopher-priest. At the end of the 17th century, the began a movement to restore simplicity and classical restraint to poetry, as in 's heroic melodramas.

In the 18th century, playwright created full written plays, many portraying the middle class of his day. The title character of by, is an icon of children's literature. The Romanticism coincided with some ideas of the, the patriotic movement that brought Italy political unity and freedom from foreign domination. Italian writers embraced Romanticism in the early 19th century. The time of Italy's rebirth was heralded by the poets,, and. By, the leading Italian Romantic, was the first Italian historical novel to glorify Christian values of justice and Providence, and it has been called the most famous and widely read novel in the Italian language. In the late 19th century, a realistic literary movement called played a major role in Italian literature; and were its main exponents.

In the same period,, writer of action adventure and a pioneer of science fiction, published his series. In 1883, also published the novel, the most celebrated children's classic by an Italian author and the most translated non-religious book in the world. A movement called influenced Italian literature in the early 20th century. Wrote, called for the use of language and metaphors that glorified the speed, dynamism, and violence of the machine age. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are from 1889 to 1910, nationalist poet in 1906, realist writer in 1926, modern theatre author in 1936, short stories writer in 1960, poets in 1959 and in 1975, in 1980, and satirist and theatre author in 1997. Prominent include,,,, and. Italian theatre can be traced back to the Roman tradition which was heavily influenced by the Greek; as with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists tended to adapt and translate from the Greek.

For example, Seneca's Phaedra was based on that of, and many of the comedies of were direct translations of works. During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, was a form of, and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of, and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called. Italian composer whose operas, including,, and, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the From to, music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the, concerto, and, can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Italian music. Italy's most famous composers include the and, the, and, the and, and the and. Modern Italian composers such as and proved significant in the development of and.

While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as of Milan and of Naples, and performers such as the pianist and the late tenor, Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene. One of the most influential tenors of all time Italy is widely known for being the birthplace of opera. Was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as and.

Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as,,, and, are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include and. Introduced in the early 1920s, took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the and pop movement of the 1970s, with bands like,,,, and. The same period saw diversification in the, and films included complex scores by composers including,, and.

The scene began in the early 1990s with duo, mainly influenced by the East Coast rap. Pioneer of and, is known as the 'Father of Disco' Italy was also an important country in the development of and, with, known for its futuristic sound and prominent usage of synthesisers and, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from (which later went on to influence several genres such as and ). Notable Italian DJs and remixers include,, and, member of the group.

Producers such as, who won three for his music, were highly influential in the development of. Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the, which served as inspiration for the song contest, and the in. Singers such as,, winner, and have attained international acclaim.

Entrance to in Rome, the largest film studio in Europe As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other, such as followed as, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Actresses such as, and achieved international stardom during this period. Erotic Italian thrillers, or, produced by directors such as and in the 1970s, also influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like directed by, with and directed. The aforementioned studio is today the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where a large number of biggest box office hits are filmed, and one of the biggest production communities in the world. In the 1950s, the number of international productions being made there led to Rome's being dubbed ' '.

More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an nomination and 47 of these won it, from some cinema classics to recent rewarded features (such as,,,,,, and ). Italy is the most awarded country at the for, with 14 awards won, 3 and 31. As of 2016, Italian films have also won 12 (the second-most of any country), 11 and 7. Starting in 1909, the is the second oldest of the prestigious Other popular team sports in Italy include, and. Italy's and national teams are often. The 's best results were gold at and, as well as silver at the Olympics in.

Is widely considered. Enjoys a good level of popularity, especially in the north of the country. Italy's competes in the, and is a regular at the. Italy ranks as a tier-one nation. Winning three in a row 1990, 1994 and 1998 an three silver medal in 1996, 2004, 2016.

A by, the oldest surviving and most successful team. Italy has a long and successful tradition in individual sports as well. Is a very familiar sport in the country. Italians have won the, except. The is a cycling race held every May, and constitutes one of the three, along with the and the, each of which last approximately three weeks.

Is also a very widespread sport in Italy, and the country is a popular international skiing destination, known for its ski resorts. Italian skiers achieved good results in,, and. Has a significant following in Italy, ranking as the fourth most practised sport in the country. The, founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world.

Italian professional tennis players won the in 1976 and the in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2013. Are also extremely popular in Italy. Italy has won, by far,. Italian is the oldest surviving team in racing, having competed since 1948, and statistically the with a record of 228 wins. Historically, Italy has been successful in the, taking part from the and in 47 Games out of 48. Have won 522 medals at the, and another 106 at the, for a combined total of 628 medals with 235 golds, which makes them the for total medals. The country hosted two Winter Olympics (in and ), and one Summer games (in ).

Fashion and design. Shop in Milan Italian fashion has, and is regarded as one most important in the world. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main. According to Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings 2013 by, Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth. Major Italian fashion labels, such as,,,,,,,,,,, and, to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. Also, the fashion magazine, is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world. Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design,, and.

The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as and, and Italian phrases such as 'Bel Disegno' and 'Linea Italiana' have entered the vocabulary of furniture design. Examples of classic pieces of Italian and pieces of furniture include 's and, the 'New Tone' sofas by Atrium, and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by 's song '. Today, and are the nation's leaders in and. The city of Milan hosts, Europe's largest design fair. Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the ' Fuori Salone' and the, and has been home to the designers,, and.

Some typical Italian foods: (), (),, and The Italian has developed through centuries of social and political changes, with as far back as the 4th century BC. Italian cuisine in itself takes heavy influences, including,,,, and. Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the with the introduction of items such as,, and, now central to the cuisine but not introduced in quantity until the 18th century. Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity, abundance of difference in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world, wielding strong influence abroad.

The forms the basis of Italian cuisine, rich in pasta, fish, fruits and vegetables and characterised by its extreme simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients. Italian cooks rely chiefly on the quality of the ingredients rather than on elaborate preparation.

Dishes and recipes are often derivatives from local and familial tradition rather than created by, so many recipes are ideally suited for, this being one of the main reasons behind the ever-increasing worldwide popularity of Italian cuisine, from America to Asia. Ingredients and dishes vary widely. A key factor in the success of Italian cuisine is its heavy reliance on traditional products; Italy has the most protected under., and are a major part of Italian cuisine, with many regional declinations and or labels, and along with (especially ) make up a very important part of the Italian culture. Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours such as, and with sweet cheeses like and or exotic tastes as cocoa, vanilla and cinnamon., and are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts, cakes and patisserie. Public holidays and festivals.

The is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the ' alongside and. Public holidays celebrated in Italy include religious, national and regional observances.

Italy's National Day, the ( Republic Day) is celebrated on 2 June each year, and commemorates the in 1946. The in Italy is associated with the figure of the, a broomstick-riding old woman who, in the night between 5 and 6 January, brings gifts to children, or a lump of 'coal' (really black candy) for the times they have not been good during the year. The, which take place on 13 December, is very popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus. The coincides with on 15 August, the summer vacation period which may be a long weekend or most of the month. Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the occasion of the festival of the local patron saint, for example: Rome on 29 June () and Milan on 7 December ().

There are many festivals and festivities in Italy. Some of them include the, rites, of Arezzo, in Gubbio, in Foligno, and the. In 2013, has included among the some Italian festivals and, such as the, the in, the Festa dei Gigli in, and faradda di li candareri in. Other festivals include the in,,,, and, mostly known for its. The prestigious, awarding the ' and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world. See also • • • • Notes.

• The is geographically located in, while can be placed partly or totally in. Due to cultural, political and historical reasons, Italy is a country.

• Official French maps show the border detouring south of the main summit, and claim the highest point in Italy is Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4,748 m or 15,577 ft), but these are inconsistent with an 1861 convention and topographic watershed analysis. • According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37% of 2.8 million immigrants in that country but it is unclear how the estimate was made, and therefore whether it should be taken seriously.

Written and Spoken Italian The course will concentrate specifically on grammar and style. Through analysis of various grammatical components, the student will acquire greater comprehension of Italian language and its varied uses. This study will be supplemented by reading and analyzing texts by great authors of Italian literature with attention to linguistic structure and stylistic themes. The student will also be required to write essays in which they will demonstrate their understanding of textual analysis and linguistic interpretation.

The course aims to supply students with the tools to find their voice in spoken and written Italian while utilizing extraordinary examples from Italian Literature. (2 Hours - one credit) - Course required for all new graduate students.* Language & Stylistics Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6550 - Language & Stylistics. Studies in Language and Stylistics Designed to develop oral and written proficiency at the advanced level, this course meets daily for two hours: one hour dedicated to the study of morphological and syntactic patterns and structures, and one hour to oral expression. Through the analysis of different language sectors (i.e.

Journalism, business, sports, contemporary jargon) in class, the students will gain a better understanding of the Italian language in its various uses. The aim of this course is also to help the students find their own Italian voice while speaking and writing. This endeavor requires daily practice and particular attention to problems of stylistics. Note: This course is obligatory for all first-time graduate students except those exempted on the basis of a placement examination. Students scoring low on the placement test are be required to take 3407 without graduate credit and cannot apply to the Florence Program in Italy. Required Texts: M.

Filippone, A. Sgaglione, Affresco italiano C1, Mondadori education 2010, ISBN 505 M. Filippone, A.

Sgaglione, Affresco italiano C2, Mondadori education 2011, ISBN 512 Additional reading materials will be provided by the instructor Language & Stylistics Summer 2014 Language Schools, Summer 2015 Language Schools, Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6562 - Italian Families. Italian Families Recent sociological analyses indicate that in Europe, family solidarity still remains strongest in Italy. The traditional, heterosexual Italian family proposed by the Italian Constitution has long offered positive benefits, as the wide-spread image of close-knit, multigenerational families suggests. However, since the legalization of abortion and divorce in the 1970s, a cascade of interrelated socioeconomic changes (from women’s independence, single-parent families, and same-sex relationships, to economic instability, ethnic and racial diversity, and civil unions) have propelled “the” Italian family into a critical phase of transformation. How did Italian families evolve from the early 20th century to the present?

Informed by historical and social science analyses, modern and contemporary literature and film will provide the focus of our explorations. Required Texts: Giovanni Verga, Vita dei Campi (1880). Passarino Luigi, EPUB ibs.it, Amazon USA Kindle, Tascabile ibs.it; Rosetta Loy, La parola ebreo (1997). Torino: Einaudi, 2006. EPUB ibs.it; Natalia Ginzburg, Lessico famigliare (1963).

Torino: Einaudi, 2014. (Amazon USA tascabile; Tascabile e e-book, ibs.it) Elena Ferrante, L’amica geniale. Roma: Edizioni EO, 2011. Amazon USA Kindle e tascabile. Ibs.it e-book e tascabile.

Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6565 - Intro Mdrn&Contp Lit & Culture. Introduction to Modern and Contemporary Italian Literature and Culture This course will cover Italian literature from the beginning of the nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. Major authors will be read against the background of Italian political and cultural history.

Beginning with an overview of Italian Romanticism --with particular reference to Foscolo and Leopardi, the course will then focus on the development of the novel, from Manzoni, Nievo and the authors of the United Italy (Verga, Collodi, Deledda, D'Annunzio, Pirandello) to the representative writers of the twentieth century (Svevo, Pavese, Ginzburg, C. Levi, Vittorini, Calvino). Changing attitudes in poetry will be illustrated by a selection of readings ranging from the Decadence (Pascoli, Gozzano, the crepuscolari poets) to 'Avanguardia' (Marinetti and Futurism), Dino Campana, the 'Ermetici' (Ungaretti, Montale), and the 'Transavanguardia'. Course required for new graduate students who do not have a major in Italian. *Required Text: Gino Tellini, Letteratura italiana. Un metodo di studio, seconda edizione, Milano, Le Monnier, 2014 Literature Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6572 - Italian Style Comedy.

Laughing is a Serious matter: Italian Style Comedy In the wake of Italian Neorealism's failure to make a significant impact on the nation's cinema-going public a new strand of Italian film emerged that lasted from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s: Comedy - Italian Style. Picking up on elements of the post-war movement's social critique and combining them with comic techniques, a series of directors managed to satirize the Italy of the economic miracle in a genuinely popular form of cinema. Despite its success, both artistically and at the box office, Comedy - Italian Style is little known abroad and all too rarely studied. In this module we will look at the emergence of this genre, some of its key works, and compare and contrast the way in which different directors developed the unique features of the commedia. We will also study the historical conditions that gave rise to the popularity of this particular form of comedy and shaped its development. Materiali in Pdf e/o in fotocopia saranno consegnati dal docente Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6575 - Contemporary Italian Cinema.

This course is a survey of Italian cinema in the new millennium. It analyzes works by a number of different directors whose films are representative of sociopolitical trends in contemporary Italian culture.

Students will learn how to do critical reading of visual texts, and will be provided with cinematic terminology and a recent bibliography and scholarship on the subject. Special attention is devoted to new Italian comedy, new authors, immigration, gender, and the phenomenon of neo-neorealism. Students will view and study ten films. The format includes lectures, screenings, and in-class discussions. Required Texts: Annali d’Italianistica. Cinema Italiano Contemporaneo.

Edited by Antonio Vitti. ISSN 0741-7527 Lezioni di cinema e di regia, a cura di Antonio Vitti, Firenze: Societa’ Editrice Fiorentian, 2013.

ISBn9-256-2 Additional reading materials will be provided by the instructor. Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6576 - Faces of Italy:1861 to Present. Faces of Italy: Italian Culture and Society through Literature and Scandals from 1861 to the Present This course examines the most pressing issue that has confronted Italian society since its Unification: How does one make a nation? If the Italian historical process that led to unification (the Risorgimento) can be read as an unfulfilled revolution (Gramsci), a revolution that failed (Gobetti), or even the fulfillment of noble plans made by enlightened men, animated by a philanthropic spirit (Croce), how can these different ways of reading the nation’s beginnings help us to understand its past, its present, and its future? The course is interdisciplinary: we will place political and historical transformations (from Liberalism, to Fascism, to the Resistance, to the First and Second Republics) in a dialectical relation to the cultural production of an Italy constantly in flux, looking at literature, music and the visual arts as expressions of social change: as reactions for or against the dominant culture.

Particular attention will be given to major scandals that have characterized the history of Italy. We will also contextualize the Italian reality within that of Europe and the rest of the world. Required Texts: A. Nicaso, Pignotti, L’Italia spiegata ai ragazzi. Mondadori, 2011. - 978-5-8 Andrea Camilleri, La bolla di Componenda.

Sellerio, Palermo, 1997. - 686 Civ Cul & Soc Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools, Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6577 - Textual Worlds Med&Humanistic. Made in Italy: Cuisine, Fashion, and Design The course aims to illustrate the character of Italian cultural identity concentrating on three aspects: cuisine, fashion, and design.

Students will study the period following the Unification of Italy through the present day and will consider the formation and development of culinary traditions throughout Italy with an emphasis on the developing relations in trade, agriculture and immigration between Italy and the modern world. Developing trends in Italian fashion will be considered through the trade of artisanal products and industrial production as well as contemporary leading artisans. The movement from applied arts and serial production will be studied in design and observed in historical turning points.

The aim of the course is to analyze objects, artists and historical periods that raised Italy to a global level of excellence while creating the phenomenon known as 'Made it Italy'. Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6579 - Modernity in Italy (1880-1945). A direct and close contact with some entertaining texts authored by the best contemporary Italian writers will allow the student to grow conscious of her/his voice and achieve a deeper understanding of it. We will read and comment on the texts of the writers and also the texts produced by the students during the course.

Our attention will be focused on the structure of Italian sentences, on the meanings of Italian words. We will examine many subtle features of the Italian written and spoken language. We will speak about Italian society, history and politics – all phenomena that give birth to new words. Together we will look for a style, in the pages we read and in the pages we write.

Active participation in class is warmly required. Required Texts: Material for the course will provided by the instructor Language & Stylistics Summer 2014 Language Schools, Summer 2015 Language Schools, Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6605 - Introduction to Linguistics. In the very first part of the course, the fundamental premises on the mechanisms of historical-natural languages will be presented, with a strong emphasis on the verbal communication properties and the general principles of linguistic analysis. Then, the course will focus on the main levels of linguistic analysis, that is to say phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.

In particular, phonetics and phonology deal with what sounds make up human language and how our brain organizes the sounds, morphology examines how words are formed from smaller unit of meaning (morphemes), syntax enters the structure of the language to show how words come together to form sentences, semantics focuses on the meaning of the linguistic signs and how we extract meaning from sentences. Course topics will be treated from the principles and methodologies of the contemporary linguistics, through a double perspective: on one hand, the structures and levels of analysis will be presented, that means an inner analysis of the language as a system; on the other hand, external features of the language as social act, such as the role of language in the history of human being, will be pointed out. Finally, during the course, practical exercises on the structure of the Italian language and its varieties will be proposed. Required Text: Yule, George.

La linguistica. Un corso introduttivo (Trad.

Pietro Maturi). Bologna: Il Mulino. ISBN: 978-0-3. Linguistics Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6606 - New Immigration Mediterranean. This course focuses on a selection of modes and vocabularies of critical theory within the context of the twentieth century, but applied to the field of Italian studies. We will study aspects of structuralism, semiotics, deconstruction, hermeneutics, Marxism, psychoanalysis, feminism and cultural studies. Required text: Gino Tellini, Metodi e protagonisti della critica letteraria, Firenze, Le Monnier, 2010, ISBN 978-3-6 Language & Stylistics Summer 2014 Language Schools, Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6613 - Vocal Techniques Italian Opera.

This course provides singers of all levels the opportunity to work on vocal technique, style and skills of the classical singing actor, in a concentrated immersion environment. It is also open to those without formal training who would like to gain basic knowledge and skills for good singing technique. This workshop includes private and/or group lessons in vocal technique as well as rehearsals with pianist and voice faculty. Weekly labs will focus on musical interpretation and on learning opera scenes. All participants who wish will perform in a final concert. Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2015 Language Schools, Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6614 - Luigi Pirandello's Modernity. The course will focus on the three major figures of Italian Romantic literature: Ugo Foscolo, Alessandro Manzoni, and Giacomo Leopardi.

Texts will include the most important works by the three writers: Foscolo’s long poem Dei Sepolcri and the epistolary novel Ultime Lettere di Jacopo Ortis, Manzoni’s historical novel I Promeessi Sposi, and Leopardi’s poems in the collection Canti and his dialogues Operette morali. Although the three authors are not Tuscan, let alone Florentine, they all forged their main works referring to Tuscan and Florentine landscape and history (especially Foscolo) and language (especially Manzoni, to a lesser extent Leopardi). Required Text: Ugo Foscolo, Ultime Lettere di Jacopo Ortis, Milano: Garzanti, 1974 (27a edizione: 2011) ISBN 926 Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi, Milano: Garzanti, 1966 (35a edizione: 2014) ISBN 100 Giacomo Leopardi, Canti, Milano: Garzanti, 1975 (25a edizione 2012) ISBN 022 Giacomo Leopardi, Operette morali, Milano: Garzanti, 1984 (17a edizione 2011) ISBN 040 Literature Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6627 - Languages & Dialects of Italy.

Languages and Dialects of Italy The course will provide the students with tools to engage in the study of standardized Italian as well as a multitude of regional dialects of Italy. A brief introduction to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an essential tool in the study of regional idioms, will be provided during Section 1. Italian idioms are formed through standard Italian and Italian regional variations, dialects, and other primary linguistic aspects. Idioms vary greatly by geography. Required text: Grassi, C.; Sobrero, A.

A., Telmon, T. Introduzione alla dialettologia italiana (Quinta edizione). Bari: Laterza. ISBN: 978-88-420-6918-8. Other didactic materials and bibliography will be provided by the instructor. Language & Stylistics Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6628 - Mafia Through Lenses of Cinema.

The course will analyze the representation of Mafia and Mafiosi in Italian cinema from a historical, sociological and political perspective, situating each film in its cultural background. With the goal to gain a variety of critical tools, the vision and discussion of selected films will be intertwined with analysis of documents and artifacts such as newspaper articles, interviews, documentary clips, literary excerpts and song lyrics. We will organize our screenings, readings and discussions around the following cultural themes: the characterization of the Mafioso, society and a-mafia, government and anti-mafia, mafia and the youth, mafia and woman, mafia’s comedies and mafia today. Required Texts: /Mafia/. Nicaso, Antonio - Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 2016. Il Giorno della civetta. Sciascia Leonardo, Baglione A.

- La nuova italia editrice, 1993 Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6635 - Romantic Opera. L’opera romantica: Bellini e Donizetti. (Romantic Opera; Bellini and Donizetti) – Romantic Opera Nineteenth century Italian opera has always been defined by an interest in emerging themes of the era.

These themes are focused on new subjects and produced a corresponding transformation in the complexity of composition and treatment of vocal melodies, the larger musical and poetic forms and the characterization of prominent figures. Italian opera arrives in the nineteenth century with the spirit of romanticism. The musical embodiment of contrasting psychological states inspires a bending of musical motifs which depict the state of mind of the characters.

Nature is not just the backdrop, but in and of itself unveils expressive tension as well as a mysterious force greater than Man; a force that also has the power to console him. Opera of the romantic period abandons the conventions of the preceding century and assumes its recognizable form a new effect that expresses itself from within the musical language, the libretto, in the treatment of scenes and of the work as a whole. The course will concentrate on discussion of the themes of this transformation of musical language that helps to define itself as Romantic and on two prominent composers of nineteenth century Italian opera: Vincenzo Bellini and Gaetano Donizetti. Donizetti has strong roots in the period of transition between the 18th and 19th centuries, finding motives of continuity and evolution with respect to his teachers Mayr and Rossini. In that time Donizetti revolutionized this new romantic sensibility that expresses the human condition not as abstractly heroic but in resonance with a sense of Bourgeois life and its character. Bellini, with the purity of his melodic inventions opens a portal to the enchanting and the spiritual consistent with the new values of dreaming, of abandonment and of melancholy. Required Texts: -Egidio Saracino, Invito all’ascolto di Donizetti, Mursia, Milano, 1984, pp.

ISBN-10: - ISBN-13: 9658 -Bruno Gallotta, Invito all’ascolto di Bellini, Mursia, Milano, 1997, pp. 208 ISBN-10: - ISBN-13: 9102 Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6646 - Oriana Fallaci.

THIS IS A 3-WEEK COURSE DURING SESSION II Oriana Fallaci and The Historical Events of her Time Fallaci is the only Italian journalist known throughout the world and whose fame has endured for forty years, a writer whose works have been translated throughout the world “Letter to a Child Never Born”, perhaps her greatest editorial success, has been translated in 23 languages. This course aims to examine the professional and human experience of a captivating but elusive figure who was herself a great narrator of her own life and of the historical events in which she became involved. The course will be neither hagiographic nor commemorative, but rather an open exchange with students designed to re-evoke and, above all, to recount a “myth”. Civ Cul & Soc Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6647 - Giacomo Puccini. Towards the West and East: The 'International Melodrama' of G. Puccini During the 19th and 20th centuries, Giacomo Puccini embodied/represented a new development to the melodrama with new themes and sensibility, seen both in the theatrical and musical aspects of his masterpieces. What emerges is the capacity for characters and events to unfold in an emotional and psychological manner.

The music, in parallel, is fluid and becomes soft. Almost spiritual, liberty enters the musical theater of Puccini and makes it sensitive to curved line, the symbolism, the dimension of dreams.

There is thus a sense of the exotic, of a foreign culture, which can become a source of attraction or inspiration: the East with its load of myths and ancient rituals, but also the dynamic and younger West. Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6648 - Neorealism and Visual Arts.

How The Internet Works Preston Gralla Pdf on this page. NOTE: this is a three-week course in session two (July 19 - August 7). In this class we will analyze some of the major developments of Italian culture beginning with the early 1970's. We will focus on different artistic media and genres (literature, theater, cinema, television, music.) examining the works selected also, but not exclusively, for their association to broad topics -such as diversity, identity, and migration-- that rose from the ideological and societal changes caused by the 1968 movement, the economic emancipation of the 1980's, the collapse of the Berlin war, etc.

Naturally, these topics are strongly intertwined and many of the works in the syllabus offer several interpretative solutions. For this reason, each class may revolve around several works regardless of their artistic genres. The various sections of the syllabus will not be divided, thus, by specific artistic categories (literature, cinema, music, etc.); to the contrary, in most cases, each section will include different artistic aspects.

Required Texts: Will be provided by the instructor Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6655 - Theater of Fo and Rame. The Incomparable Theater of Dario Fo and Franca Rame In this course particular attention will be paid to the different artistic personalities of Fo and Rame and the specific contribution of each to their rich theatrical production, characterized by intelligent comedy and strong social commitment. The influence of ancient and modern Italian comic traditions and features of the new epic and political theater, central aspects of Fo’s and Rame’s work, will be also covered. These features will be studied not only through Fo’s farcical comedy, but also through the female characters played by Rame.

Screenings of some significant moments in this artistic collaboration will be shown to deepen students’ understanding of how the couple created and influenced poetic drama and narrative theater. The performance experience of the instructor, as writer and actress, will also enable students to gain an understanding from “within” theatrical language and a better critical approach to the pieces presented. Civ Cul & Soc Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6658 - American Dream in Ital Lit. THIS IS A 3-WEEK COURSE DURING SESSION I The American Dream in Italian Literature The course aims to analyze diachronically the American dream in Italian literature. We will start from Leopardi's 'wild, happy California' expressed in some passages of Zibaldone and the well-known Hymn to the Patriarchs where he addresses the myth of innocence. The works of Leonetto Cipriani, an emblematic figure of the Italian Risorgimento, who was also fascinated by the myth of California will be examined before focusing on the twentieth century when the Italian socio-political context, starting in the thirties, transformed the American dream into the metaphor of a happy elsewhere. The need to escape the rise of fascism animates the conscience of intellectuals such as Elio Vittorini, Cesare Pavese and Italo Calvino for which America will symbolize redemption, freedom and creative autonomy.

From Americana by Vittorini and Essays on American literature by Pavese; to Calvino’s American Lessons, the American dream for Italians is not only a 'land of utopia' but a point of reference. Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6660 - Travel w/Dante Medieval Med.

Traveling with Dante in the Medieval Mediterranean. History, Literature and Culture of Dante’s Commedia in a Mediterranean Frame The course focuses on Dante’s journey in hell, purgatory and paradise in a Mediterranean frame and in the light of the most recent studies of the medieval Mediterranean. Dante’s journey, his guide Virgil, the poet of the Eneide, their encounters: from Saladin, Alexander the Great, Geryon, Muhammad to San Francis, invite to further enquire on the journey of books and legends about Jews, Christian and Muslim traveling in and around the medieval Mediterranean. Dante’s re-writing of biblical and classical sources conveys the very essence of the medieval Mediterranean culture based on exchanges of goods as much as stories. The course aims at reconstructing that network of transmission of knowledge in the medieval Mediterranean. Required text: B Lewis, Culture in conflitto.

Cristiani, ebrei e musulmani alle origini del mondo moderno. Donzelli, 2007. ISBN -108-7 R.Morosini, Ch. Lee, Sindbad mediterraneo. Per una topografia della memoria da Oriente a Occidente.

ISBN Code: 9-990-7 PensaMultimedia, 2013 F. Cardini, L invenzione dell’Occidente, Solfanelli. ISBN 88 7497 612 7 S. GUARRACINO, Mediterraneo: immagini, storie e teorie da Omero a Braudel, Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2007. Matvejevitc, Breviario mediterraneo, Garzanti, 1991 Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6661 - Mediterranean Boccaccio. A course on Mediterranean Boccaccio originates from the awareness that the Mediterranean occupies an important role in the Decameron not only as a protagonist of many stories, but also as a structural element of the Novella genre.

How does Boccaccio represent the Mediterranean? Who travels through the Mediterranean and why? Men and women cross the sea: did they chose to travel? Do these individual modify when and if they go home? The course intends to approach the Mediterranean as a network of knowledge: a mobile and hybrid space of exchanges and aims at following the journey of goods, men, women and stories as they cross the Mediterranean. Within this perspective a special attention is given to the narration of cities facing the Mediterranean, the Orient and otherness, pirates and slavery in the Decameron.

In XIV Century, Boccaccio offers a faithful observatory of the medieval Mediterranean as a political and commercial network of exchanges: a chessboard regulated by piratery and politics from Genova to Alexandria of Egypt, from Armenia to Sicily and from Marseille to Cyprus and Crete. The Decameron narrates tales of the sea and the course intends to evoke those tales, voices of cities and cultures facing the Mediterranean. Required Texts: G. Boccaccio, Decameron, a cura di V. Branca, Torino, Einaudi, 2005, ISBN-027 2 Voll.- Boccaccio geografo.

Morosini, Firenze, Polistampa, 2010. Cardini, Incontri (e scontri) mediterranei. Il Mediterraneo come spazio di contatto tra culture e religioni diverse, Salerno Editrice 2014 Civ Cul & Soc Literature Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6663 - Italian Lit of 18C & Early 19C. The Mediterranean Signature of Dante’s Divina Commedia The course will explore Dante’s Commedia in a contemporary key, with special reference not only to classical and Christian culture and traditions, but also to the medieval, pan-Mediterranean, medieval cultural context from which it emerged. We will be reading selected cantos, as well as some of Dante’s other works, in relation to the wider, interactive network of intellectual and spiritual traditions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. In so doing, we aim to reveal the poet’s modernity: his synthesis of the three traditions, proposing to his readers an “interpretive” journey that is imaginatively, intellectually and spiritually engaged.

Required Texts: Dante Alighieri, Tutte le opere (Divina Commedia, Vita Nuova, Rime, Convivio, De vulgari eloquentia, Monarchia, Egloghe, Epistole, Quaestio de aqua et de terra)/. Introduzione di Italo Borzi. Commenti a cura di Giovanni Fallani, Nicola Maggi e Silvio Zennaro. (Roma: Newton Compton Editori, 2015) (Tascabile, ibs.it) Cardini, Franco.

L’invenzione del nemico. Palermo: Sellerio, 2006. (Tascabile ibs.it; Tascabile Amazon USA) Dante and Islam. New York: Fordham Univ. (Kindle USA; Tascabile Amazon USA) Civ Cul & Soc Literature Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6670 - Anarchy/Rev 20C Ital-Amer Lit. Teaching Italian: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications for Effective Material Development and Classroom Practice. (For DML candidates, advanced graduate students and teachers) The course focuses both on the main theoretical principles and practical applications of methodology for teaching Italian as Foreign Language (IFL).

During the course, participants will be exposed to the main language teaching methodologies and practices. This may include: the analysis of different approaches to course and syllabus design, the development of specific lesson plans, the integration of task-based instruction, the use of inductive approaches to teaching grammar and vocabulary; and the assessment practices with the ACTFL proficiency guidelines. The starting point will be the consideration of the principles and notions on which course design is based (e.g. Learner characteristics and needs analysis). Then, students will be encouraged to analyze the nature of the four basic language skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing), and to reflect on the techniques best suited to the development of competence in each of these areas. While the course stresses the interconnected nature of the four skills, attention will also be devoted to the detailed analysis of the theoretical frameworks for each individual skill.

Active and collaborative participation in the course activities is required and students will be encouraged to conduct readings, engage in face-to-face and online discussions, develop lesson plans, observe language classes, prepare task-based activities, and conduct teaching demonstrations. Required texts: - Diadori, P. Insegnare italiano a stranieri, Le Monnier. (ISBN: 0 - Serragiotto, G. (2009), Sillabo di riferimento per la formazione degli insegnanti di italiano a stranieri.

Venezia: Cafoscarina. (ISBN 409) - ACTFL (2011). Standards for foreign Language Learning: Preparing for the 21st Century. Yonkers: ACTFL. Pedagogy Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6699 - New Technology Teaching IFL. New Technologies for Learning and Teaching Italian as Foreign Language (IFL) (for DML candidates, advanced graduate students and teachers). This course provides a balanced presentation of central issues in the theory and practice of Italian as Foreign Language teaching methodology and instructional technology.

During the course, students will also develop critical skills for a meaningful integration of instructional technologies into their teaching/learning of Italian. The course will present the overall perspective in the context of current practices involving the integration of latest technologies. After conducting a review of technology in learning and teaching foreign languages (theories of learning and key ideas for understanding e-learning), students will be guided to analyze the opportunities and constraints in using technology in the educational process. Students will be also asked to select methodological approaches appropriate to the technologically-enhanced learning situation. An important component of the course will be the active participation and collaboration of all students in group discussions (both in-class and online), as well as the practical in-class technology-enhanced projects and demonstrations. Required texts: -Balboni E., Margiotta U. (2012) Formare online i docenti di lingue e italiano L2.

Utet (ISBN ) -Pichiassi, M. Apprendere l'italiano L2 nell'era digitale - Le nuove tecnologie nell'insegnamento e apprendimento dell'italiano per stranieri. Edizioni Guerra - Soleil (ISBN ) -Serragiotto, G. Sillabo di riferimento per la formazione degli insegnanti di italiano a stranieri. Venezia: Cafoscarina (ISBN-409) Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6702 - Meridian Thought, Med Spheres. Meridian Thought, Mediterranean Spheres The scope of this course will be to reconsider some fundamental texts and commentaries on the Italian North/South relationship since the birth of the Italian nation in 1861, and to imagine expanded contexts for such questions in our contemporary era. Readings will include literary text and critical works and range from Antonio Gramsci's La questione meridionale, to Ignazio Silone's 'La narrativa e il sottosuolo meridionale', to Franco Cassano's Il pensiero meridiano, to Pier Paolo Pasolini's 'Appunti per un poema sul terzo mondo,' to Tahar Ben Jelloun's Dove lo stato non c'e'.

While these texts in general tend to comment on the role and participation (or exclusion) of the Italian south within the Italian national project, our readings will venture into, and be inclusive of, the more recent concept of what has been termed the 'global south.' For example, Ben Jelloun's writings on the Italian south represent a realigned perspective that might assist one in reading cross-Mediterranean relations. This is particularly important given the migratory influx of populations from the both the North-African coast and sub-Saharan Africa (as examples of points of departure). In this case Cassano's Pensiero meridiano comes to represent an attempt at finding parallel situations at home and abroad that once again re-present the Gramscian notion of alliances under evolved and extra-national circumstances.

Not unexpectedly, film has come to form a large component of the continuing discourse on meridian thought. As a result, we will view and discuss both fiction and non-fiction films concerned with new migrations across the Mediterranean in order to begin to assess the differences or similarities between the written word and the filmic image in successfully representing the cultures of meridian thought. Required Texts: Cassano, Franco. Il pensiero meridiano. Bari: Laterza, (1996) Tre modi di vedere il Sud. Bologna: Il mulino, (2009). Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6707 - Italian Poetry after WWII.

The course will focus on some of the most prominent poets who followed the generation of Hermeticism and had the task of finding new poetic paths for the generation of the second post-war period. These poets are: Attilio Bertolucci, Giorgio Caproni, Mario Luzi, Alda Merini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Giovanni Raboni, Vittorio Sereni, Maria Luisa Spaziani, Andrea Zanzotto. Required texts: Maurizio Cucchi, Poeti italiani del secondo Novecento, 1945-1995, Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1996. (Oscar Mondadori: 2004) Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6721 - Globalization of the Mafia. John Fante: Italian Emigration in the West: Identity and Autobiographical Writing After an introduction on the characteristics of the literature of emigration, Italian emigration to the western U.S.

Will be studied from the early years of the twentieth century. The course aims to examine some of the novels of John Fante, now considered one of the greatest representatives of Italian American literature. Starting from the imaginary map of his life, which he describes in his novels (The Brotherhood of the Grape, Ask the Dust - La confraternita dell’Uva, Chiedi alla polvere) through the figure of his alter ego, Arturo Bandini, the course will focus on the meaning of the concept of identity that is developed through the limits of autobiography but also through writing, understood as the universal overcoming of self. This approach will demonstrate how from the paternal theme to the construction of his own bildungsroman, the continuous relationship between life and literature becomes the basis for his writing, creating an irreverent metaliterature intended as a symbol of the ultimate conquest of the self.

Literature Summer 2014 Language Schools ITAL 6728 - The Revolution of Renaissance. The Music of Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) The course will follow Rossini's biographical and artistic evolution from youth to maturity and the development of the techniques that gave form to his masterpieces. The early Rossini operas of the 19th century, are a departure from the melodrama that was then emerging. His ideal was that of opera as liberation through play, artifice, and enchantment.

His rhythmic perfection, – the famous Rossini crescendo – makes of the music a wonderful game in itself. Between 1810 and 1829 he wrote thirty-nine operas including -- Barbiere di Siviglia, Cenerentola, L'italiana in Algeri, and William Tell. This fruitful period was followed by a silence that lasted the rest of his life, with the exception of a few sacred works, chamber music, and piano pieces. Required Texts: Vittorio Emiliani, Il furore e il silenzio. Vite di Gioachino Rossini, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2008.

ISBN-10: - ISBN-13: 9057 Giovanni Carli Ballola, Rossini. L’uomo, la musica, Bompiani, Milano, 2009 ISBN-10: - ISBN-13: 9442 Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2015 Language Schools ITAL 6739 - Ital-American Emigration Lit. Verdi: The Opera of the 19th Century Giuseppe Verdi defined himself as a prominent composer of 19th century opera. Departing from the “classical” style in which the role of the chorus is to disclose aspects of the drama, Verdi advances the operatic form with a more sensitive development of the protagonists, and in his ultimate works, to a form which expresses a major shift from contemporary popular style. The dramatic theatrical and musical language is innovative and continues to draw out the emotional involvement of the audience, reaffirmed in its new form. It is Verdi's ability to appeal to the public sentiment while evolving a form and incorporating contemporary political ideas that earned him recognition as well as a historical symbol of the Italian unification. Leaving behind the operatic form of the early 19th century while reinvigorating the elements of the 'Classical' form, his language becomes more tender elevating itself in favor of a more elastic realization of the form and of the voice with respect to narration of the libretto.

The course intends to examine, by means of study of the most significant operas in their various phases of production, the development of the musical and theatrical language of Verdi while also studying the synthesis of a musical-political experience that presents a strong Verdean identity as well as a continuous operatic development. Required Texts: Giampiero Tintori, Invito all’ascolto di Verdi, Mursia, Milano, 2009, 302 p., ISBN-10:; ISBN-13: 9424 Readings from: Massimo Mila, Verdi, Rizzoli, Milano, 2012, 840 p., ISBN-10:; ISBN-13: 9431 (libro) Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6763 - Melodrama Ital Postwar Cinema. The scope of this course is to provide basic knowledge and critical tools for understanding the phenomenon of Italian fashion. Through chronological and thematic readings, various stages of the history of fashion and costume will be presented from the Middle Ages to today. In showing the transition from the atelier to mass production, fundamental issues will be discussed and illustrated through readings and study of iconographic documents. Special attention will be devoted to the last century to show how certain elements of Italian identity are also linked to a phenomenon such as fashion, seemingly ephemeral and in constant evolution Required Texts: -Sofia Gnoli, Un secolo di moda italiana 1900-2000, Roma, Meltemi, 2005, ISBN 9-428-7 - Moda.

Storia e storie, a cura di Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli, Giorgio Rielli, Elisa Tosi Brandi, Milano, Mondadori, 2010, ISBN 9-490-6 -Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli, Breve storia della moda in Italia, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2011- ISBN 978-0-2 Civ Cul & Soc Summer 2016 Language Schools ITAL 6789 - Italian Literature Today. Teaching Italian: Theoretical Principles, Practical Applications, and New Technologies for Effective Material Development and Classroom Practice (For DML candidates, advanced graduate students and teachers) NOTE: this is a 2-unit course that meets 3-hours per day The course focuses both on the main theoretical principles and practical applications of teaching methodology and instructional technology for the teaching of Italian as Foreign Language (IFL). During the methodology section of the course, participants will be exposed to the main language teaching methodologies and classroom practices.

This may include: the analysis of different approaches to course and syllabus design, the development of specific lesson plans, the integration of task-based instruction, and the assessment practices with the ACTFL proficiency guidelines. During the technology section of the course, students will develop critical skills for a meaningful integration of instructional technologies into their teaching/learning of Italian.

After conducting a review of instructional technologies available for learning and teaching foreign languages, students will be guided to analyze the opportunities and constraints in using specific technologies for Italian as Foreign Language instruction. Active and collaborative participation in the course activities is required and students will be encouraged to conduct readings, engage in face-to-face and online discussions, develop lesson plans, observe language classes, prepare task-based activities, and conduct technology-enhanced projects and teaching demonstrations. Required Texts: - Balboni E., Margiotta U. (2012) Formare online i docenti di lingue e italiano L2. Utet (ISBN ) - Diadori, P. Insegnare italiano a stranieri, Le Monnier. (ISBN: 0) - Pichiassi, M.

Apprendere l'italiano L2 nell'era digitale - Le nuove tecnologie nell'insegnamento e apprendimento dell'italiano per stranieri. Edizioni Guerra - Soleil (ISBN ) - Serragiotto, G. Sillabo di riferimento per la formazione degli insegnanti di italiano a stranieri. Venezia: Cafoscarina (ISBN 409). Available online at: Pedagogy Summer 2015 Language Schools, Summer 2016 Language Schools, Summer 2017 Language Schools ITAL 6800 - Independent Study.